Abstract: For long-distance and wide field-of-view scenes, infrared target detection has significant challenges owing to the principle of a thermal imager, interference of the atmospheric environment, and attenuation of infrared radiation by long-distance transmission media. Based on the characteristic analysis of small-target infrared images, such as complex background, dim and small targets, low image contrast, and lack of image structures, we reviewed the research status of infrared dim small-target detection from target highlight and background estimation and discussed the development trend of infrared dim small-target detection.