Application of Ultraviolet Image Intensifiers in Combustion Diagnostics of Aero-engines
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摘要:
航空发动机燃烧过程中，OH*、NO*、NH*等激发态自由基伴随着紫外波段的微弱自发光，且随燃烧的进程而快速变化。紫外像增强器最高具有百万倍电子增益、纳秒量级快门，可以实现紫外波段燃烧流场瞬态结构的捕获，为定量化测量、阐释燃烧特性随多物理参数的变化规律奠定基础。本文总结紫外像增强器在航空发动机燃烧光学诊断中的应用，包括针对OH*自发光进行成像的被动光学诊断技术、利用激光激发OH成像的主动光学诊断技术等。最后，结合新型航空发动机高时空分辨探测的要求，指出紫外像增强器在燃烧诊断中的发展方向。
Abstract:In the combustion process of aero-engines, excited-state free radicals such as OH*, NO*, and NH* emit faint self-chemiluminescence in the ultraviolet (UV) band, which changes rapidly with the progress of combustion. UV image intensifiers, featuring up to a million-fold electronic gain and nanosecond-level shutter speed, can capture the transient structure of the combustion flow field in the UV band, laying the foundation for the quantitative measurement and interpretation of the variation rules of combustion characteristics with multiple physical parameters. This paper summarizes the application of UV image intensifiers in optical diagnostics of aero-engine combustion, including passive optical diagnostic techniques for imaging OH* self-chemiluminescence, and active optical diagnostic techniques using laser excitation for OH imaging. Finally, in line with the requirements of high spatial and temporal resolution detection for new types of aero-engines, the development direction of UV image intensifiers in combustion diagnostics is pointed out.
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图 3 使用紫外像增强器的自由基自发光成像原理
Figure 3. Imaging principle of free radical self-luminescence using ultraviolet image intensifier
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图 10 手动改变视角的CTC系统示意图：采集的视角θim(a)为30°、50°、70°和90°的OH*自由基图像的伪彩色效果(b)以及CTC三维重建OH*发光分布(c)[32]
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the CTC system with manually changed viewing angle (a), pseudo-color images of the OH* radical collected at viewing angles θim of 30°, 50°, 70°, and 90° (b), and CTC 3D reconstruction of OH* distribution (c) [32]
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图 11 双波段CTC系统示意图(a)及其棱镜分光系统(b)，其中FF为光纤束（fiber ferrule）；OPM为离轴抛物面镜（off-axis parabolic mirror）；EM为平椭圆镜(flat-elliptical mirror)；BP为带通滤光片(band-pass filter (optional)；SP为短通滤光片(short-pass filter)；WP为楔棱镜(wedged prism)[34]
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the dual-band CTC system (a) and its prism spectrometer system (b), where FF is a fiber ferrule, OPM is an off-axis parabolic mirror, EM is a flat-elliptical mirror, BP is a band-pass filter (optional), SP is a short-pass filter, and WP is a wedged prism[34]
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图 13 不同气体燃料内射流进气速度下OH（左）和甲醛（右）的PLIF成像伪彩色效果对比图，6组图像进气速度分别为10 m/s、30 m/s、60 m/s、90 m/s、120 m/s及150 m/s[49]
Figure 13. Pseudo-color image comparison of PLIF imaging of OH (left) and formaldehyde (right) at different gas feeding speed in the inner jet, in which the six groups of images are 10 m/s, 30 m/s, 60 m/s, 90 m/s, 120 m/s and 150 m/s respectively [49]
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表 1 国际主流高性能紫外像增强的主要性能指标[52-53]
Table 1 Key performance of mainstream high-performance UV image intensification globally[52-53]
Image intensifier or ICCD/ICMOS Intensifier parameters MCP Spectral range/nm Gain Size/mm Minimum optical gate width/ns EyeiTS-D 2-stage MCP 200−900 > 106 18 3 HiCAM5000 3n 2-stage MCP 200−900 - 18 3 Photek ICMOS 160 muti-MCP 200−900 2×106 18/25 3 Andor iStar sCMOS - 180−850 1000 18 2 Invisible vision UVi - 200−600 3×105 18/25 5 Specialised-imaging SIL3 - 200−900 5×105 25/40 50 Lavision HS-IRO 2-stage MCP 190−800 - 25 10 Princeton PI-MAX 4 - 140−900 - 18/25 2 
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