水下光电成像技术研究进展

石峰; 程宏昌; 闫磊; 郭欣; 李世龙; 邱洪金; 丁习文

水下光电成像技术研究进展

石峰^{1, 2,},
程宏昌^{1, 2, ,},
闫磊^{1, 2},
郭欣^{1, 2},
李世龙^{1, 2},
邱洪金^{1, 2},
丁习文^{1, 2}

1.
昆明物理研究所, 云南昆明 650223
2.
微光夜视技术重点实验室, 陕西西安 710065

详细信息

作者简介:
石峰（1968-），男，博士，研究员，主要从事微光夜视技术研究。E-mail：shfyf@126.com

通讯作者:
程宏昌（1974-），男，博士，正高工，主要从事微光夜视技术研究。E-mail：chh600@163.com

中图分类号: O439
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- 文章访问数: 476
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-20
- 修回日期: 2022-11-14
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-20

Advances in Underwater Photoelectric Imaging Technology

SHI Feng^{1, 2
,},
CHENG Hongchang^{1, 2
, ,},
YAN Lei^{1, 2},
GUO Xin^{1, 2},
LI Shilong^{1, 2},
QIU Hongjin^{1, 2},
DING Xiwen^{1, 2}

1.
Kunming Physics Research Institute, Kunming 650223, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Low-Light-Level Night Vision Technology, Xi'an 710065, China

摘要

摘要: 随着我国海洋、江河和地下水资源勘探、开发和利用的日益深入，以及领海主权防卫的军事需求日趋迫切，在水下获取远距离条件下高质量的目标图像已成为水下环境勘测、目标探测与敌我对抗等许多领域迫切需要解决的问题。目前，水下成像探测技术主要有声探测和光电探测两种途径。本文研究了目前主要水下高分辨力光电探测成像技术现状，分析了不同技术途径的优缺点，对比了各种水下探测/成像系统中采用的光电探测器的情况，结合自身技术背景，提出了应加快发展高灵敏度、低噪声、高增益、快响应、宽动态范围、良好线性度的GaAsP光阴极双微通道板像增强器，从而简化光电系统中因探测器性能不佳带来的灵敏度低、噪声大、增益低、处理时间长等不足，加速各种新技术向产品、实用化设备的转化。本文成果对水下光电成像技术发展将有一定支撑作用。
- 水下探测 /
- 光电成像 /
- 探测器
Abstract: With the increasing exploration, development, and utilization of China's oceans, rivers, and groundwater resources, as well as the increasingly urgent military need for sovereign defense in territorial waters, obtaining high-quality target images under long-distance underwater conditions has become an urgent problem to be solved in many fields, such as underwater environmental surveys, target detection, and enemy-self confrontation. Currently, the underwater imaging detection technology includes two main methods: acoustic and photoelectric detection. In this study, the current status of the main underwater high-resolution photoelectric detection imaging technology is studied, the advantages and disadvantages of different technical approaches are analyzed, and the photodetectors used in various underwater detection/imaging systems are compared. Combined with its own technical background, it is proposed that the development of a GaAsP photocathode dual microchannel plate image intensifier with high sensitivity, low noise, high gain, fast response, wide dynamic range, and good linearity should be accelerated to simplify the low sensitivity, high noise, low gain, and long processing time, owing to the poor performance of the detector in the photoelectric system, and accelerate the conversion speed of various new technologies into products and practical equipment. The results of this study support the development of underwater photoelectric imaging technology.
- underwater detection /
- photoelectric imaging /
- detector

HTML全文

图 1 水下距离选通成像系统原理^[5]：(a) 摄像机关闭状态；(b) 摄像机开启状态

Figure 1. Principle diagram of underwater range gating imaging system^[5]: (a) Camera closed state; (b) Camera open state

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图 2 从左到右依次为加拿大研制的LUCIE 1~LUCIE3系列产品^[13-14]

Figure 2. LUCIE 1−LUCIE3 series products developed by Canada from left to right^[13-14]

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图 3 线扫描示意图^[21]

Figure 3. line scan schematic^[21]

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图 4 “魔灯”水雷探测激光雷达（左），ALMDS机载激光探测雷达（右）^[14]

Figure 4. "Magic Lamp" mine detection lidar(left) and ALMDS airborne lidar(right)^[14]

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图 5 结构光成像示意图^[25]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of structured light imaging^[25]

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图 6 水下自主作业机器人搭载结构光装置^[27]

Figure 6. Structured light device for underwater autonomous operation robot^[27]

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图 7 水下合成孔径成像实验装置^[35]

Figure 7. Underwater synthetic aperture imaging experimental setup^[35]

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图 8 计算成像流程示意图^[36]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of imaging process calculation^[36]

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图 9 基于反馈的波前整形技术原理^[38]

Figure 9. Principle of wavefront shaping technology based on feedback^[38]

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图 10 非相干光源成像效果^[40]

Figure 10. Imaging effect of incoherent light source^[40]

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图 11 基于光学传输矩阵的散射光成像^[41]

Figure 11. Scattering light imaging based on optical transmission matrix^[41]

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图 12 透复杂散射介质实验结果^[44]

Figure 12. Experimental results of complex scattering medium^[44]

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图 13 基于光学相位共轭的散射光成像技术^[45]

Figure 13. Scattering light imaging technology based on optical phase conjugation^[45]

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图 14 玻璃的缺陷图像^[48]

Figure 14. Defect image of glass^[48]

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图 15 原始强度图像与复原图像的对比^[50]

Figure 15. Comparison of original intensity image and restored image^[50]

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图 16 成像效果对比图^[54]：(a) 字母“XiDian UNIVERSITY”的原始图像；(b) 字母“XiDian UNIVERSITY”的被动水下偏振成像方法的结果；(c) 地中海的原始图像；(d) 地中海被动水下偏振成像方法的结果；(e) 图(d)中A区域的放大结果；(f) 图(d)中B区域的放大结果

Figure 16. Comparison of imaging effects^[54]: (a) The original image of the letters"XiDian UNIVERSITY"; (b) The results by passive underwater polarization imaging method of the letters" XiDian UNIVERSITY"; (c) The original image of the Mediterranean; (d) The results by passive underwater polarization imaging method of the Mediterranean; (e) The enlarged result of area A in Fig (d); (f) The enlarged result of area B in Fig (d)

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图 17 不同目标复原效果（每张图片左半边为原始图像，右半边为复原图像）^[56]

Figure 17. Recovery effects of different targets(The left half of each image is the original image, the right half is the restored image) ^[56]

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图 18 传统鬼成像原理^[57]

Figure 18. Traditional ghost imaging schematics^[57]

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图 19 双光子光学成像实验装置示意图^[59]

Figure 19. Schematic diagram of two-photon optical imaging experimental device^[59]

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图 20 计算鬼成像实验装置示意图^[62]

Figure 20. Schematic diagram of ghost imaging experimental device^[62]

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图 21 含多个隐层的深度学习模型^[65-66]

Figure 21. Deep learning model with multiple hidden layers^[65-66]

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图 22 字符重建结果^[69]

Figure 22. Character reconstruction results^[69]

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图 23 传统光电倍增管结构图^[71]

Figure 23. Structure diagram of traditional photomultiplier tube^[71]

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图 24 雪崩光电二极管工作原理^[71]

Figure 24. Working principle of avalanche photodiode^[71]

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图 25 微光像增强器工作原理^[71]

Figure 25. Working principle of low light level image intensifier tube^[71]

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图 26 CCD工作原理模型^[71]

Figure 26. CCD working principle model diagram^[71]

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表 1 各种水下光电成像技术的对比

Table 1. Comparison of various underwater photoelectric imaging technologies

Underwater imaging technology	Advantages	Fault
Range-gated imaging	High spatial resolution, small detector unit size, low cost and high imaging quality	The requirements for laser, receiver and synchronous control technology are high
Laser line scanning	The imaging distance is far and the image precision is high	The system has complex structure, high cost and large volume
Structured light imaging technology	With high integration, low cost and high resolution, underwater three-dimensional micro-topography can be obtained	Fast and convenient measurement cannot be carried out, and the measurement accuracy is not high enough
Scattering light computational imaging technology	It has high imaging resolution, long detection distance, large optical field of view and low volume power consumption	The process of establishing the model is not easy, the algorithm calculation process is complex, and the calculation amount is large.
Polarized light imaging technology	More information can be detected, and the detection ability in turbid water is strong. Color images can be obtained under special conditions.	The stability of the system is general and easily affected by environmental factors.
Underwater ghost imaging technology	High sensitivity, anti-interference, wide working wavelength and long imaging distance.	The structure complexity is very high, and the performance stability is not good enough.
Underwater imaging based on deep learning	Excellent imaging quality, strong adaptability and simple structure	The construction, training and optimization of neural network are complex.

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表 2 各种水下光电成像/探测系统的探测器的对比分析

Table 2. comparative analysis of detectors for various underwater photoelectric imaging/detection systems

Detector name	Sensitivity of underwater blue-green light	Dark current	Response time	Gain	Linearity
Photomultiplier tube	High	Low	Fast	High	Good
Avalanche photo diode	Common	High	Common	High	Good
Single photon detector	High	Common	Common	High	Good
Low-light-level image intensifier	High	Low	Fast	High	Good
CCD/CMOS	Common	Common	Common	Common	Good

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